Sunday, November 20, 2011

Pepper spray: US campus police suspended

Pepper spray: US campus police suspended

An officer appeared to spray the protesters at close range

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A US university has suspended two campus police officers over the use of pepper spray on students at a peaceful protest on Friday in support of the Occupy Wall Street movement.

Video of the incident shows police blasting seated protesters in the face with the chemical at close range.

The chancellor of the University of California, Davis, who had called in the police, criticised the use of pepper spray on the protesters.

However, she says she will not resign.

The demonstration was intended to show solidarity with protesters at another branch of the University of California, in Berkeley, who were hit with batons by police on 9 November.

The footage of the pepper spray incident, which has been circulated widely on the internet, caused outrage among students.

The protesters are seen sitting in a line on the floor with their arms interlocked, refusing to move.

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The violence was unprovoked, disproportional and excessive”

Davis Faculty Association statement

They try to cover their faces as officers in riot gear walk along emptying canisters of the spray onto them.

'Excessive force'

Linda Katehi, Chancellor of the University of California, Davis, near Sacramento, described the use of pepper spray as "chilling".

She said the university was launching an investigation into what had happened.

A task force comprised of students, staff and faculty members would be set up and asked to report back within 30 days, she said.

"The use of pepper spray as shown on the video is chilling to us all and raises many questions about how best to handle situations like this," Ms Katehi said in a message on the university's website.

The Davis Faculty Association, which represents academic staff, has condemned the University of California's approach to protests on several different campuses.

"This week, we have seen excessive force used against non-violent protesters," said a statement on the association's website.

"Student, faculty and staff protesters have been pepper-sprayed directly in the eyes and mouth, beaten and shoved by batons, dragged by the arms while handcuffed, and submitted to other forms of excessive force."

Occupy protesters at the University of California, Berkeley 'Occupy' protests have been held on several University of California campuses, including in this rally at Berkeley

"The violence was unprovoked, disproportional and excessive," it said.

"We demand that the Chancellors of the University of California cease using police violence to repress non-violent political protests."

The association said Ms Katehi should resign, a call she rejected.

"I do not think that I have violated the policies of the institution," she said.

"I have worked personally very hard to make the campus a safe campus for all."

The Occupy Wall Street protests began in New York more than two months ago against perceived corporate greed and economic inequality.

Similar protests have since sprung up in other places around the United States and elsewhere in the world.

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Snorting cocaine 'threatens Colombian national security'

Snorting cocaine 'threatens Colombian national security'

Colombia's president is calling on foreign governments to take more responsibility for illegal drug use in their countries.

President Santos, who is in the UK for a two-day visit, told the BBC that "as long as people in London, New York and Paris are sniffing cocaine, we will suffer".

He described it as a matter of national security for Colombia and said drug consumption overseas helped finance both local mafia and political groups involved in a decades-old violent struggle to overthrow the government.

Mr Santos claimed a victory earlier this month when the leader of the Revolutionary Forces of Colombia, or Farc, was killed.

He told the BBC's Alastair Leithead that it was an important step towards peace in his country.

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Scientists at MIT replicate brain activity with chip

Scientists at MIT replicate brain activity with chip

A graphic of a brain
The chip replicates how information flows around the brain

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Scientists are getting closer to the dream of creating computer systems that can replicate the brain.

Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have designed a computer chip that mimics how the brain's neurons adapt in response to new information.

Such chips could eventually enable communication between artificially created body parts and the brain.

It could also pave the way for artificial intelligence devices.

There are about 100 billion neurons in the brain, each of which forms synapses - the connections between neurons that allow information to flow - with many other neurons.

This process is known as plasticity and is believed to underpin many brain functions, such as learning and memory.

Neural functions

The MIT team, led by research scientist Chi-Sang Poon, has been able to design a computer chip that can simulate the activity of a single brain synapse.

Activity in the synapses relies on so-called ion channels which control the flow of charged atoms such as sodium, potassium and calcium.

The 'brain chip' has about 400 transistors and is wired up to replicate the circuitry of the brain.

Current flows through the transistors in the same way as ions flow through ion channels in a brain cell.

"We can tweak the parameters of the circuit to match specific ions channels... We now have a way to capture each and every ionic process that's going on in a neuron," said Mr Poon.

Neurobiologists seem to be impressed.

It represents "a significant advance in the efforts to incorporate what we know about the biology of neurons and synaptic plasticity onto ...chips," said Dean Buonomano, a professor of neurobiology at the University of California.

"The level of biological realism is impressive," he added.

The team plans to use their chip to build systems to model specific neural functions, such as visual processing.

Such systems could be much faster than computers which take hours or even days to simulate a brain circuit. The chip could ultimately prove to be even faster than the biological process.

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World's 'lightest material' unveiled by US engineers

World's 'lightest material' unveiled by US engineers

The metallic micro-lattice on a dandelion head
Engineers say the material is less dense than aerogels and metallic foams

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A team of engineers claims to have created the world's lightest material.

The substance is made out of tiny hollow metallic tubes arranged into a micro-lattice - a criss-crossing diagonal pattern with small open spaces between the tubes.

The researchers say the material is 100 times lighter than Styrofoam and has "extraordinarily high energy absorption" properties.

Potential uses include next-generation batteries and shock absorbers.

The research was carried out at the University of California, Irvine, HRL Laboratories and the California Institute of Technology and is published in the latest edition of Science.

"The trick is to fabricate a lattice of interconnected hollow tubes with a wall thickness 1,000 times thinner than a human hair," said lead author Dr Tobias Schaedler.

Low-density

The resulting material has a density of 0.9 milligrams per cubic centimetre.

By comparison the density of silica aerogels - the world's lightest solid materials - is only as low as 1.0mg per cubic cm.

The metallic micro-lattices have the edge because they consist of 99.99% air and of 0.01% solids.

The engineers say the material's strength derives from the ordered nature of its lattice design.

By contrast, other ultralight substances, including aerogels and metallic foams, have random cellular structures. This means they are less stiff, strong, energy absorptive or conductive than the bulk of the raw materials that they are made out of.

William Carter, manager of architected materials at HRL, compared the new material to larger low-density structures.

"Modern buildings, exemplified by the Eiffel Tower or the Golden Gate Bridge are incredibly light and weight-efficient by virtue of their architecture," he said.

"We are revolutionising lightweight materials by bringing this concept to the nano and micro scales."

Robust

To study the strength of the metallic micro-lattices the team compressed them until they were half as thick.

After removing the load the substance recovered 98% of its original height and resumed its original shape.

The first time the stress test was carried out and repeated the material became less stiff and strong, but the team says that further compressions made very little difference.

"Materials actually get stronger as the dimensions are reduced to the nanoscale," said team member Lorenzo Valdevit.

"Combine this with the possibility of tailoring the architecture of the micro-lattice and you have a unique cellular material."

The engineers suggest practical uses for the substance include thermal insulation, battery electrodes and products that need to dampen sound, vibration and shock energy.

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US university investigates campus pepper spray use

US university investigates campus pepper spray use

An officer appeared to spray the protesters at close range

Related Stories

A US university says it is launching an investigation into the use of pepper spray by riot police trying to clear a demonstration.

Video of the incident at the University of California, Davis, shows officers blasting seated protesters in the face with the chemical at close range.

The university chancellor, who had called in the police, described the pepper spray incident as "chilling".

The protest, on Friday, was in support of the Occupy Wall Street movement.

It was intended to show solidarity with protesters at another branch of the University of California, in Berkeley, who were hit with batons by police on 9 November.

The footage of the pepper spray incident, which has been circulated widely on the internet, has caused outrage among students.

The protesters are seen sitting in a line on the floor with their arms interlocked, refusing to move.

Start Quote

The violence was unprovoked, disproportional and excessive”

Davis Faculty Association statement

They try to cover their faces as officers in riot gear walk along emptying canisters of the spray onto them.

'Excessive force'

Linda Katehi, Chancellor of the University of California, Davis, near Sacramento, says she is forming a task force to investigate what happened.

"The use of pepper spray as shown on the video is chilling to us all and raises many questions about how best to handle situations like this," she said in a message on the university's website.

The Davis Faculty Association, which represents academic staff, has condemned the University of California's approach to protests on several different campuses.

"This week, we have seen excessive force used against non-violent protesters," said a statement on the association's website.

"Student, faculty and staff protesters have been pepper-sprayed directly in the eyes and mouth, beaten and shoved by batons, dragged by the arms while handcuffed, and submitted to other forms of excessive force."

Occupy protesters at the University of California, Berkeley There have been 'Occupy' protests on several campuses of the University of California, including in this rally at Berkeley

"The violence was unprovoked, disproportional and excessive," it said.

"We demand that the Chancellors of the University of California cease using police violence to repress non-violent political protests."

The Association said Ms Katehi should resign, a call she rejected.

"I do not think that I have violated the policies of the institution," she said.

"I have worked personally very hard to make the campus a safe campus for all."

The Occupy Wall Street protest began in New York more than two months ago against perceived corporate greed and economic inequality.

Similar protests have since sprung up in other places around the United States and elsewhere in the world.

Source